Life Is Better For Teenagers Now Than It Has Ever Been Before

‘Life is better for teenagers now than it has ever been before.’ Do you agree? Introduction: How many times have you heard the terms ‘worst generation’, ‘kids these days’ or ‘back in my day’ used by the older groups? These are some derogatory terms used by older generations to describe the youths and younger generations of our world today. Many members of the older generation believe that teenagers today are juveniles and delinquents compared to teenagers in the past. Despite all this many youths believe that a teenager’s life now is better than it has ever been in the past. A few reasons below prove the case that life as a teenager now is better than ever. Body Paragraph 1: -education If you were to ask a teenager today why they believed lives of teenager now are better than back then most would think of one answer. Chances are, they would say that the education available to teenagers now is better than it was back in the late twentieth century. Many aspects of life have changed since the twentieth century, changing for the better. One of these aspects is in the form of the education offered. Schooling in the 1900s was very different to now, with corporal punishment being allowed in the 1900s. Corporal punishment was a form of punishment where deliberate pain or discomfort was caused to students usually by striking the students’ buttocks or hands with an implement that may have included a cane, paddle and yardstick as well as other weapons. From the start of theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Social Media On Children1592 Words   |  7 PagesTeenagers now a days are involved in different activities rushed around every turn they go. Teens are so stretched ac ross everything; from sports, clubs, jobs, and volunteering. Teens are so stressed out that they stay up and feel that it’s necessary to act like adults because that’s what see in their house hold. Teenagers are even affected by their social media. People are on; Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, and Instagram for hours each and every day. Social media has been found to affect our mood andRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the American Teenager Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pages118 2 November 2012 Book Review # 2 The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager Teenagers are more than capable of achieving great tasks in the future as well as causing great destruction with every skill stapled in their mind as they grow. Good and evil will determine the effects of which path a young mind its taught so that’s why parents must educated well with good intensions for a better future. The age of a teenager shows history how it transformed the world including the United States byRead MoreInternet Addiction : Is It Just Bored Or Hiding From The Reality?1144 Words   |  5 Pagesthe purpose of using technology? Was it just bored or hiding from the reality? How does technology associate in our life? This image appearance the impact of cyberculture. I took this photo in front of a bus stop. It is clear to see how cyberculture has involve in our daily life - everyone is holding an electronic device and most people are focusing on it. In my experience, this has become ordinary situation in every developed countries. People siting together, stari ng at their smart phone, hardlyRead MoreEssay on Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy1181 Words   |  5 Pages Effective approaches to prevent teen pregnancy After reading numerous articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of teen pregnancy, I’ve come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the sex education classes provided in school were an extremely effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that I’ve used and those of whichRead MoreTeenager sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescence. It is a900 Words   |  4 PagesTeenager sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescence. It is a stage of human sexuality which is often a vital aspect of teenagers’ lives. Some people believe that sex is essential in every teenage life while other think that it is far better to avoid it till marriage. Studies show that teens are becoming sexually active at younger ages than ever before. This dev elopment raises moral, social and health issues as well as considerable controversy. Why this sudden transformationRead MoreThe Legal Driving Age Should Not Be Raised1738 Words   |  7 PagesRecently, people have started to become doubtful about the legal driving age being sixteen. They believe that teenagers are immature, childish, indecisive and underdeveloped. People feel that the driving age should be raised to twenty-one so that the society is safer and has more responsible drivers. These people are wrong because teenagers are not as irresponsible as they think. Teenagers need a chance to change others view on them as drivers and become more independent. After turning a certain ageRead MoreThe Generation that has it EASY1150 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation, they have found that teenagers are the most stressed out group. The common perspective among people is that the adults are the ones that carry the most stress since they must pay bills and sustain a family with 2.5 child ren. I believe this is an important subject because it has led not only to psychological problems, but also physical problems. Leading me to believe that this topic must be further researched, to find a solution to the problem that has been affecting such a large part ofRead MoreAlice in Wonderland Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesa curious, imaginative, strong- willed, and honest young English girl. Her adventures begin when she falls asleep by the side of a stream in a meadow and dreams that she follows a White Rabbit down his hole. Her curiosity has made her ventured the world she never been before, entered each doors that she able to open, she even trying hardly to figured out how to open the doors she couldn’t opened. She also curious about the food and drink she’d found in her journey, she always ate and drank beveragesRead MoreTeenagers and Cosmetic Surgery1573 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty is the trend in many societies, and it is highly valued by many teenagers. As a result, teenagers from all around the world who are insecure concerning their appearances are more likely to have cosmetic surgery to blend in, to avoid peer harassments, and to stop further inner torments. Keep in mind that plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery are different even though both surgeries are used to fix someone’s physical body. Plastic surgery are used to mend looks that are ruined due to terribleRead MoreTeenage Addiction to Smoking1498 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of time society has battled th e causes of addiction. Addiction has desecrated the nation’s health and has defiled the health of future generations. The hostile impact on young generations, addiction to smoking cigarettes is staggering. Smoking has taken an enormous toll on the minds and health of young teens around the world. Teenage smoking is an epidemic that has derives from several causes. Smoking in young teens has become more common this day in age. Smoking in young teens

Essay on How the Failure of Reconstruction Impacted...

After a war that claimed the lives of more men than that of all other wars combined, much of the country was left in ruins, literally and figuratively. Dozens of towns in the South had been burned to the ground. Meanwhile, the relations between the North and South had crumbled to pieces. Something needed to be done so that the country could once again be the United States of America, not the Divided States of America. The years from 1865 to 1877 were a time of rebuilding – the broken communities and the broken relations. This time period was known as Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a failure on the basis that the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments that were passed should have given protection and freedom to the African†¦show more content†¦These rules closely resembled the rules of the plantation just a few years earlier during slavery. Although slavery was now technically illegal, the government never made any attempt to intercede and stop these practices that essentially put African Americans forever in debt and under the control of the whites. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution defined citizenship as anyone born in the U.S. or naturalized, thus giving citizenship to African Americans. Like the 13th amendment, the 14th was not enforced. Had this amendment had been enforced, as citizens of the United States the most basic rights of black people should have been protected, like any other citizen. However, they were continually marginalized. If a crime was committed against them, the legal system turned a blind eye. If they were in need, no one would offer a helping hand. The government largely funded public white schools, whereas African Americans had to raise much of their own funding for their schools. Although they raised a large sum of money, it was still insufficient to educate the millions of newly freed children and adults (Franklin 250). These are just a few examples of the inequality experienced by blacks. The Civil R ights Act of 1866 explicitly states that African Americans do have citizenship â€Å"regardless of raceShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Civil War Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagespain. Veteran William Lloyd Garrison describes few of many changes that occurred after the Civil War, including the abolishment of slavery and the African American being granted for the first time in history the right to vote. As the civil war came to an end, the United States began to establish an undivided nation. This era known as the reconstruction era is described as â€Å"meaning literally the rebuilding of a shattered nation. (verterans of the civil movment, n.d.) 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The imperative skill of strong leadership, particularly in times of tension and disaster, is needed in order to make smart decisions and compromises for the good of the nation. Sound leadershipRead MoreChildhood Studies : A New Field For The Advocacy Of Children1181 Words   |  5 Pagesnature of adolescents is developed and expressed in individual societies differently and these individual attitudes and beliefs combine to form a region specific model of childhood. James and Prout developed six central tenets, or principles, about how children should be understood. The first tenet proposes that childhood is socially constructed. This is to say that childhood differs over place and time but biologically all children are alike in that they are immature. It does not matter where orRead MoreThe African American Labor Market2049 Words   |  9 Pagesa exploitive byproduct of white southerners’ desire to proclaim economic dominance over the African American labor market. The motives of lessees were not solely economically driven - they were racially discriminatory practices with the intent of keeping African-Americans as subservient citizens. Along the way, white southerners realized that they could use large groups of criminalized African Americans to build infrastructure, such as railroads, to mine coal and iron, make turpentine, clear landRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagesis that he promises to in crease government help and use the power of the government to address the people’s issues. Although, he did not explain how he was going to fix things such as unemployment and and improving the stock market in great detail he won the election because Hoover’s response was too passive. In early 1932, Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to try and get the government involved. Although, not all the people liked this because it gave the government credit to largeRead MoreThe Devastating Effects Of Hurricane Katrina1548 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation early warnings to the people in disaster prone areas prior to its occurrence. This research paper discusses about the devastating effects of Hurricane Katrina, reasons for failure to communicate information during Hurricane Katrina, the category of people who were more vulnerable to this disaster, and how could they be overcome for future disasters. Introduction: Disaster is any sudden calamity causing great loss of life or property. Have you ever imagined your home being destroyed asRead MoreNegative Effects of the Lincoln Assassination3130 Words   |  13 Pagesflaws were highlighted. Mary Lincoln’s emotional instability, which had been a problem even during the lifetime of her husband, made her the subject of much ridicule after his death. 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The South had an extremely difficult time accepting African Americans as equals, and did anything they couldRead MoreAnalysis Of William Du Bois s The Soul Of The Black Folk Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pagesend of the nineteenth century, he writing of American history had changed from consensus to progressivism. This opened up a new form of writing and opportunities to include different approaches or fields, such as science, economic s, political science, and sociology, to help the understanding of the topic. In 1903, William Du Bois, influenced by Pragmatism, wrote about the Civil War and how it was a result of economic and social factors of African Americans in his book The Soul of the Black Folk. Then

Indias Socio Economic Scenario Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(90) " generative wellness attention services, peculiarly unwritten wellness attention service\." Equally far as India ‘s socio-economic scenario is concerned, four socio-economic scenarios were developed for India, in line with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change counsel, for usage with the clime scenarios and for input to the mold of clime impacts on different sectors ( International Institute for Population Sciences A ; ORC Macro 2001 ) . The socio-economic scenarios for India are consistent with national growing programs in the short and average term. Policy way and societal values are the two dimensions on which the socio-economic model of India is based on. We will write a custom essay sample on Indias Socio Economic Scenario Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In which, policy orientation can be either inward looking or globally incorporate and societal values focus on either economic growing or environmental consciousness. Mahal, A. , J. Singh ( 2000 ) further explains it stating ‘the alternate waies along the policy axis correspond to India ‘s degree of integrating on planetary policy issues and models for back uping development. Quadrants I and II reflect a more inward-looking attack to planetary policies and pacts, coupled with bid and control-style policies for ordinance at a domestic degree. Quadrants III and IV reflect stronger integrating with the planetary community, and a displacement towards market-based mechanisms as a footing for ordinance and economic growing. The societal values axis reflects the scope of possibilities from a pure focal point on economic growing, to emphasis on environmental and societal protection. Quadrants I and III correspond to activities that promote economic and industrial development, al ong with stronger engagement by the private sector in traditionally public sector activities. Quadrants II and IV, by contrast, reflect societal values that place a higher concern for societal and environmental issues above economic growing ‘ . However, S.C. Tiwari, Aditya Kumar and Ambrish Kumar ( 2004 ) stated that the normally used available graduated tables for measuring of socio-economic position ( SES ) with some cross regional pertinence are old and have lost their relevancy. There is a demand for the development of a valid and dependable instrument for measuring of SES in rural and urban communities in India. On appropriate and executable steps, the socio-economic position is assessed on the inactive and dynamic status of physical infrastructure- by the Numberss of paramedical, technician and medical staff employed, every bit good as figures for attending and gender dislocation ; by the supply, quality and scope of drugs ; by handiness and use of decentralized unfastened and care support of centres ; and by existent handiness of research lab, diagnostic and service facilities- in relation to the patient satisfaction ( Kaveri Gill 2009 ) . In Indian conditions the rural wellness attention has been put steadfastly on the docket and is on the right path with the institutional alterations it has wrought within the wellness system. Health is a cosmopolitan human demand for all cultural groups. General wellness can non be attained or maintained without unwritten wellness. The oral cavity is regarded as the mirror of the organic structure and the gate manner of good wellness ( Navneet Grewal and Manpreeth Kaur 2007 ) . The influences of the urbanisation and the modern nutrient wonts have surely made the Indian population at par with the universe population, but still Mayer. MP, De Paiva Buishchi and Oliveira LB ( 2003 ) claimed that the unwritten hygienic patterns of the Indian Population have non changed much with the altering times and tendencies. Where as, the universe population is more cognizant of the regular visit to the tooth doctor, chiefly, because it was initiated by the parents of the kids or, even by, the tooth doctors themselves. Such an from the portion of the parents is losing among the people of India, and a thought arousing action from the dental practicians or professionals is yet to take topog raphic point. Oral wellness position in India is traditionally evaluated utilizing clinical indices. There is turning involvement to cognize how subjective steps relate to results of unwritten wellness ( Jamil David, Anne M Astrome and Nina J Wang 2006 ) . Several subjective unwritten wellness indexs have been developed to measure functional, societal and psychological unwritten wellness results runing from individual point planetary indexs, such as satisfaction with unwritten wellness and satisfaction with visual aspect of dentitions, to complex stock lists and hiting systems ( Skaret E, Astrom AN and Haugejorden O 2004 ) . In the societal conditions of India minimal significance is given to the visual aspect factor in the rural conservative communities. Even so, since long clip, assorted types of unwritten wellness care stuffs have been used and infinite Numberss of dental wellness information plans have been conducted in schools and other scenes ( Kagami. N, Maki. Y and Takaesu. Y 1997 ) . Here Kagami. et. Al is speaking about a universe phenomena that has been progressively found in the universe population. This is where in footings of unwritten wellness wonts and modus operandis Indian mass should hold taken much involvement in at that place bettering socio economic position. The importance of measuring the socio economic position was put away by Whiteside, K. and Woolcock, M. ( 2004 ) , stating, ‘Socio-economic position is one of the most of import variables in societal scientific discipline studies/researches. It plays a important function in planning and executing of developmental plans and, hence, there is a demand for the development of a valid and dependable instrument for the measuring of SES. Socio-economic position of a household would intend the ranking of the household in the surroundings to which the household belongs, in regard of defined variables namely, physical assets, economic position, instruction, business, societal place, societal engagement, caste, musculus power, political influence, etc. Some elements of the above variables have a inclination to travel together ‘ . Socio economic inequalities in the usage of unwritten wellness attention services in India India is the 2nd largest thickly settled state in the universe, with a population of more than one billion in 2001. Socioeconomic, demographic and wellness indexs are demoing a really hapless status of the general population. It has been observed that people of lower socioeconomic position frequently do non avail the bing generative wellness attention services, peculiarly unwritten wellness attention service. You read "Indias Socio Economic Scenario Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Both socioeconomic and demographic factors, nevertheless, have been shown to hold a peculiarly great influence on usage of wellness attention services ( Bhatia J and Cleland J. 1995 ) . Higher instruction degrees influence the usage of wellness services in many ways such as regular visit to the tooth doctor and so on, among the urban population of the society. Even so merely like in many southeasterly civilizations the ( Goodburn EA, Gazi R, A ; Chowdhury M. 1995 ) the usage of p reventative wellness services even in the field of unwritten wellness service is perceived to be bing entirely on healing intents ( Poula G A ; Stephenson R. 2001 ) . Measuring the socio economic position in relation to unwritten wellness factors is, in fact, a hunt from general wellness to wellbeing. Equally far as the assorted civilizations of India is concerned the unwritten wellness factor of Indian population include three major facets Such as: A ) Health System and Oral wellness services B ) Socio-economic and cultural hazard factors C ) Environmental hazard factors. It is of import to retrieve the fact that Indian community has been loosely divided into tribal, rural and urban societies ( Dr. Judith Macky and Dr. Michel Eriksen 1995 ) . The folk in India live in pronounced isolation. They have really typical civilization rites and accustomed hygienic activities and wellness attention. They are evidently considered to be socio-economically backward in many steps in the modern-day universe. The rural societies are village societies which are in fact based on agricultural economic system and are still really conservative to the past traditions . And the urban society is based on non-agricultural businesss such as industries, IT and so on. However the interaction between the different groups of the society to certain degree is made possible through many authorities organisational plans ( Lal S, Singh BM A ; Punia MS.1997 ) . Traveling about with the intent of developing a dependable and valid instrument for mensurating the socio-economic position one has to get down the exercising of grouping the items/elements together with the aid of available experts ( Oral wellness workers and tooth doctors ) every bit good as available standard socio-economic position appraisal graduated tables. Socio-economic position of a household would intend the ranking of the household in the surroundings to which the household belongs, in regard of defined variables such as physical assets, economic position, instruction, business, societal place, societal engagement, caste, musculus power, political influence and so on. ‘Some elements of the above variables have a inclination to travel together ‘ ( Shirpurkar GRI. 1967 ) . Formulation of appraisal methods At initial phase, some known indexs of socio-economic position such as house, material ownership, instruction, business, income, land, caste and societal engagement were listed. The prepared list of socio-economic position indexs would be submitted to experts to analyse and notice on the relevance of those indexs in the present context ( Srivastava GP. 1978 ) . Then a profile should be geared up out of the elements approved by the expert, look intoing along with another factors in the profile is the unwritten wellness attention necks and plans with their scope of influence and credence by/in different communities and societies among the population. Therefore, the first bill of exchange will hold seven to eight profiles make up one’s minding the socio-economic position. These profiles will be house profile, material ownership profile, instruction profile, business profile, economic profile, cultivated land profile, and societal profile and wellness attention service profile. Th e last profile can be divided into preventative and curableness steps. The disposal of these bill of exchanges among the people will give an accurate appraisal of the socio-economic position. After the disposal and re-administration the bill of exchanges needs to be send to the experts for the concluding analysis. Addressing the Validity of methods at big and among Indian Population The graduated tables of measuring socio-economic position in every community are prone to alter due to the dynamism of human being. Most of the bing graduated tables seem to hold lost this ability to spot right indices are still in usage. The indicant here is mensurating the socio economic position harmonizing to the wellness and wellness attention issues of an person or a household. The chief short coming seems to be the perceptual experience of goodness and satisfaction people have about the wellness and wellness satisfaction is changed with clip and the methods need to be upgraded consequently. It is, hence, necessary that necessary inventiveness is brought to bear to develop appropriate graduated table for the measuring of socio-economic position ( Depleuch, F. , A. Cornu, P. Massamba, P. Trissac and B. Marie. 2002 ) Equally far as India is concerned most of import resource of the state is its 1027 million population ( 2001 nose count ) , distributed in 28 States, 7 Union Territories, 5564, tehsils/talukas, 640,000 small towns and 5161 towns and metropoliss ( Ashish Bose. 2001 ) . Oral wellness attention of necessity has to be delivered through primary wellness attention substructure, because of limited resources and manpower of tooth doctors. More than 70 % of the population is rural and merely about 30 % lives in urban countries of which more than half lives in slums. ‘Tertiary degree infirmaries, territory infirmaries, nursing places, private practicians and non governmental organisations provide wellness services. Besides these, municipal corporations besides provide services ; nevertheless, these services are ill organized. Urban ICDS undertakings provide services on geographical footing. Health policy 2002 envisages beef uping of urban wellness services. RCH urban undertakings have be en launched to increase the coverage of wellness services for vulnerable. Variable dental wellness services in urban countries are available-through public and private set up ‘ . ( Dr. Hari Parkash and Dr. Naseem Ahmed. 2001 ) . There is an pressing demand for an Oral Health Policy for the state as an built-in portion of the National Health Policy. The Indian diary of community medical specialty 2004 has proposed an Oral Health Care Program, which envisages three tined execution schemes of ; Oral Health Education, Preventive Program and Curative Service Program at assorted degrees of primary, secondary and third wellness attention bringing services. Oral wellness has been recognized as an built-in portion of general wellness. What people do with their lives and those of their kids affects their wellness, including unwritten wellness, far more than anything that authoritiess do. But what they can make is determined by their income and cognition based on their socio-economic pos ition. Over the old ages grounds based â€Å" Information † on unwritten wellness has accumulated in the state but this is mostly confined to dental clinics, infirmaries and a few schools. The challenge is to set the available information into pattern at every home/family and community. It is the information which can promote/improve the unwritten wellness of 1000000s of immature kids, school kids, striplings and grownups as besides pregnant adult females and aged people, provided it gets communicated. Therefore, the biggest challenge before us is to accept the challenge of communicating of â€Å" facts for unwritten wellness † to all ; in rural, urban and tribal and distant countries. ‘Hygiene is embedded in Indian civilization and it is the manner of life. Let us advance autochthonal clip tested patterns, of rinsing oral cavity with apparent H2O after each repast, rub downing gums and dentitions and cleaning oral cavity with finger after each repast, advancing traditional diets, brushing of dentitions, avoiding smoke, masticating pans and baccy in assorted signifiers ‘ ( Bali RK, Mathur VB, Tewari A and Jayna P. 1994 ) . Much will depend upon local attempts, as to how the instructors are trained and what responsibilities they take up on regular and sustained footing? Students follow what the instructors do and state and the instructors are considered as good function theoretical accounts to convey values of life and ways of life in the school as besides outside the school. Regularly one hr is devoted in each school for socially utile and productive work and that hr can be used for larning right brushing technique and rinsing the unwritten pit with safe H2O, as besides rinsing of custodies and film editing of nails. In our experience, whenever instructors brushed their dentitions, pupils followed and it became a everyday exercising of day-to-day brushing of dentitions in guided mode. Determining ways of life and personality developme nt of school kids during simple instruction is the cardinal duty of school instructors and parents as besides the community. Mid twenty-four hours meal plan activities can be used as spring board to develop other behaviours such as lavation of custodies and rinse of unwritten pit after each repast, eating balanced diets, imbibing clean H2O and eating clean nutrient. School kids can be used as embassadors of wellness messages to their places and vicinity and can move as alteration agents. Child to child plan in the school or out of school is yet another attack to construct healthy life manners. Whatever chapters are contained in the school course of study these need to be translated into seeable actions through unrecorded presentation. Students need to be demonstrated rinsing and oral cavity wash after repast, demo them the content of oral cavity wash and allow them respond and take part in treatment and range to decision ( Gupta SC A ; Kapoor VK. 2002 ) . How to cite Indias Socio Economic Scenario Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Organization Driving Positive Social Change -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organization Driving Positive Social Change? Answer: Introduction The term change management refers to the collective term for all the different approaches that leads to the preparation and support for the individuals, organizations and teams to make the change in the organization. This can be done by the use of different methods that helps to redefine and redirect the process through which the resources in an organization are used, the process of budget allocation, the other modes of operation that significantly change the company or the organization. The main objective of the change is to derive positive results from any such change that can help improve the performance of the organization. Change can either be positive or negative depending on the change management strategies of the organization. The following essay is based on the study of the change management process considering the case of Woolworths Supermarket in Australia. The investigator has tried to highlight the necessary elements that lead to the change management process. Woolworths Supermarket is an Australian Supermarket chain owned by Woolworths Limited. It was founded in the year 1924 and has its headquarters in Bella Vista town of Australia (www.woolworths.com.au). The company along with its rivals Coles Supermarket accounts for nearly 80% of the total market share. Apart from specializing in groceries it also sells different products ranging from books and DVDs to other beauty and Household products. The retail sector in Australia has employed a lot many people in the country than in any other sectors. The fall in the market share of the company due to lack of a proper vision has made it fall apart from the other competitors in the market. The inability of the mentioned company to satisfy the customers, loss of faith from the products of the organization and some other similar issues have forced the management of the mentioned company to formulate strategies in order to effect a necessary change. Identification and Discussion There are some major issues that make the employees of the organization resistant to changes. Some of them are as follows; Loss of Job- Fear of losing the job is one of the major reasons behind the resistance of the employees to initiate the change management process. The change management process in an organization will generally involve the technological advancement, product change involving smart work, reduction in the cost, fast turnaround times and many other different changes (Appelbaum, 2015). The following means the change will be severely opposed as because it may lead to the reduction or elimination of a certain post or role of an employee. Fear of the Unknown- Fear and panic from unknown changes is another key cause for the employees resistance to change in the organization. The employees may feel the need for holding to the past because they might consider it to be much better and secured than the present situation. This makes them more fearful and diminishes their self confidence. The fear increases when the organization is not sure about the possible impacts of the changes thus leading to strong resistance from the employees. Irrelevant Communication Strategy- The irrelevant communication strategy of the organization is one of the major reasons that lead to the resistance to the change. It is important for the management of the business organization to communicate the changes to be made in the organization to the people of the organization in a proper, efficient and transparent manner (Appelbaum, 2015)(Cameron, 2015). The proper communication helps the employees to be well aware of the changes but the absence of an effective communication leads to a confusion among the employees and they are most likely to resist the change to be undertaken by the organization. Lack of Competence- The employees of an organization might feel the upcoming development process can create problems for them as they might not be able to cope up with the new change. The following fear may come up in the mind as because they are hesitant to accept the new changes or shift into a new routine. Such fears leads to strong resistance. Resistance to change is one of the main problems considered by the managers that may stall the process of development. Woolworths being a large organization also faces similar changes that makes life difficult for the organization and stalls the change that may be undertaken. There are three most critical strategic problems that Woolworths faces. They are, Resistance to reality main - The management of Woolworths faces such problems when the strategy of the management ignores the external reality that they the least control. Some of the main external factors that experiences normal changes are technology, business models, strategies on a certain product, standards, customer choices and many more as such (Cameron, 2015). Woolworths faced a huge challenge at the time of the introduction of the CDs and DVDs as the market opposed the new development in the absence of proper infrastructure to run these products and had the choice for floppy disks and cassettes that had much lower space but ideal installations to run on. Systematic Resistance to Change-The following resistance occurs when a global economyy or the combination of different firms altogether fails to change the response to the threat of the system. It is one of the biggest problems to change as it involves a large space and has a large area to be covered in a single go. Resistance to organizational Change- The resistance to the strategies put forward by the executive management is opposed by the employees of the organization. The main problem that lies within such a resistance is the inability of the employees to accept the new cultural or organizational change. The managers of the organization must conduct meetings and make the employees understand about the projected changes. According to (Cameron, 2015) power is one of the most central aspects of both the social sciences in general and organizational and management theory in particular. Power acts as the most influential part of the social living that takes into consideration the different groups and individuals within the workplace. Power can be considered to be a mere subordinate to organization based social phenomenon. The secondary role of power has been relegated by organizational research leads to a serious shortcoming in the way in which it is conceptualized in organizational and management studies. On the other hand (Deneen, 2014) has stated that during the time of the implementation of change is to make sure to derive a power driven resistance to change as it will have a negative effect on the initiative to change. The managers of Woolworths who fears the loss of power are usually the ones who have a large influence and can interrupt the preparation of a proper management plan.(Cummings, 2014) According to Management of power driven resistance to change requires a proper strategy and a proper understanding of the different stakeholders. Therefore it is better to learning about the influence of the stakeholders and the amount of impact upon the employees of the organization. Therefore (Cummings, 2014) has stated that the success of the change will be highlighted in the organization only when the management implements a proper strategy that identifies the possible amount of resistance that they might face in the context of the change management. Key Ethical Issues Change is inevitable in any organization and it generally arises from the need to improve the allocation of the different resources, bringing a change in the technology, changing the budget of the organization and bring some other notable changes in the organization to make it much more efficient and profitable. The change agent must challenge the present situation and totally bring a change in the status quo by bringing an altogether different perspective to the organizational environment (Doppelt, 2017). A number of different ethical issues arise when the change management takes place within the organization. There are cases when the information collected by the change agents is not aligned with the executive management agenda, the results can get manipulated. The manipulation of the data can point fingers towards the low level employees of the organization and will result in their expulsion. The executive management of the organization decides all the policies related to the chang e and thus they have all the discretionary powers that lead to the change. Therefore there is a chance that change is determined by the power perceptions. This may lead to intentional misstatement of information. There are also cases when the management of the company may highlight the change management process to be a form of more employee engagement within the organizational matters of the company whereas the actual intent behind the change process is to diminish the engagement of the employees within the organization or reducing the employee strength (Hayes, 2017). The management in such cases generally cites reasons like the absence of proper technological knowledge, inability to adapt to changing situations and many more as such. The management of Woolworths must make it a point to identify such different ethical issues and remove the barriers that may lead to resistance from the employees. The management of the mentioned super marketing chain has identified some of the most effective steps to implement and monitor the total process of change management. They are; Identification of the Actual Change- The main step to the beginning of the change management process lies in the clear identification of the particular change to be made within the organization. The management of Woolworths must make sure that they make each and every employee who will be affected by the change (Hon A. H., 2014). The management must define the need for the change and how it will benefit the employees. Presentation of a proper case- The presentation needs to be done in a proper way so that the employees can be made aware of the changes that have an impact upon them. The proper presentation also helps to avoid any form of resistance that would be otherwise harmful to the plan for the change. Creation of a roadmap- The formulation of a roadmap is utmost necessary for the organization to effect a positive change within the organization. The documented strategy for implementation of the change helps to identify the point from where the oorganizatio0n is starting and what are the steps to be taken for implementing the plan perfectly (Kuipers, 2014). Gathering proper information for efficient evaluation- The beginning of the implementation of the change management starts with the consideration of the benefits of gathering and analyzing the information to measure and monitor the progress of the organization. Some of the changes will be easier to measure than the others but it is utmost necessary for a clear report that facilitates better communication. Communication- Clear and effective communication is utmost important to the exercise of the change management process (Lozano, 2015). A proper change management plan depends on rock solid communication structure that not only does determine the plans for the change but also seeks to understand the needs for the particular change. Monitoring and managing risks- Monitoring and the management of the risks is one of the major areas that need to be highlighted by the organization (Botha, 2014). The management of the risks is utmost necessary for the organization as because it helps to identify and mitigate the risks that may occur during such a time. Resistance is a normal reaction to the change process but it can act as a serious threat to the success of the project. A proper anticipation and taking effective steps to curb the risks helps the organization to be successful in leading the change. Continuous Review and improvement of the processes- It is quite necessary for the organization to keep a constant watch on the change process from the beginning. The absence of a proper watch may lead to the failure of the change process and will lead to negative results. Proper Monitoring and review can help to identify the challenges, remove the barriers and meet the objectives of the change process roadmap (Stephan, 2016). Conclusion The following study has revealed the processes by which the organization undertakes the change management process and the different elements that are associated with the process of such a change in the organizational structure. Woolworths has made a huge change in the organizational structure in the last couple of years to cope up with the new challenges and the demands of the modern day customers. The successful analysis of the total study will reveal the different factors like political, social, globalization factors that are associated with the change in an organization, References Appelbaum, S. H., Degbe, M. C., MacDonald, O., Nguyen-Quang, T. S. (2015). Organizational outcomes of leadership style and resistance to change (Part Two).Industrial and Commercial Training,47(3), 135-144. Botha, A., Kourie, D., Snyman, R. (2014).Coping with continuous change in the business environment: Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Elsevier. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Deneen, C., Boud, D. (2014). Patterns of resistance in managing assessment change.Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education,39(5), 577-591. Doppelt, B. (2017).Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hon, A. H., Bloom, M., Crant, J. M. (2014). Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing creative performance.Journal of Management,40(3), 919-941. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), 1-20. Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Seatter, C. S. (2015). Teaching organisational change management for sustainability: designing and delivering a course at the University of Leeds to better prepare future sustainability change agents.Journal of Cleaner Production,106, 205-215. Stephan, U., Patterson, M., Kelly, C., Mair, J. (2016). Organizations driving positive social change: A review and an integrative framework of change processes.Journal of Management,42(5), 1250-1281. Woolworths.com.au. (2018).{{metaController.metaData.title}}. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018].

Irving Berlin Personification of American Music of the Twentieth Century

Diversity and Reality Television Professor Ramos Blog

Diversity and Reality Television Reality television is as American as the cheese wiz you put on your cheesesteak sandwich. It all started in the 1970s, when the Public Broadcasting Station aired a show about a family living in the Santa Barbara area (PBS). The show was meant to give the American people an idea that everyone goes though the same kind of family issues, no matter where you live, or who you are. Now today’s reality television has expanded way past just showing people that everyone’s 16 year old daughter sneaks out of the house in the middle of the night. But it is still reality, and its popularity has grown immensely. But has diversity played a part in what we, as the american people, want to see in our shows about real life? Andy Cohen once said, â€Å"Ultimately, its not my job to judge the ‘Housewives’- we dont editorialize on the show; we really leave it to the audience. We have a certain wink, which is the Bravo wink. We may linger on a shot or we may let something play out, but we leave it to you†.   Cohen is basically the father of reality television. He has single handedly started an entire series of shows about housewives that live elaborate lives around the United States. The housewives are diverse in the since of the places that they are filmed. However, the cast of housewives for each particular setting is not that diverse. All of the Orange County Housewives are white and while occasionally their will be a housewife of Latina decent, she does not last more than one season. Andy Cohen has essential created a franchise that was new to the Bravo Network, but not new at all the Music Television channel.   MTV was looking for a way to make a new show that did not cost a lot to produce, but would make lots of money. The first start to the reality television explosion began around the mid 1990s, when an inexpensive show, fell into MTV’s lap. The show would revolve around a group of young adults in the New York City area that were just living life (History). The Real World took ordinary people, and let the whole world watch as the â€Å"cast† of ordinary people took on real life issues. Because this show revolved around real people, the â€Å"cast† was very diverse and had people from all walks of life. The cast of third season The Real World San Francisco had a young Cuban American man who was openly gay, and found out he was HIV positive (Lovannone). This young man made such an impact on the american people, that after his sudden passing President Bill Clinton spoke at his very public funeral. When The Real World Los Angeles hit our tv screens, we had a lot more div erse of a cast of characters. This cast shared more personal stories, and even showed a young African American women making the hard decision of whether she should get an abortion or not. Because of shows like this, the american people were exposed to issues that they maybe did not know a whole about. So while The Real World was entertaining, it also was very informative to its many young adult fans. Reality television now a days has something for everyone. There are so many forms of reality tv, and the variety of shows out there is very diverse. If you are looking for naked people who are into survival, there is a show on Discover Channel for you. If you are looking for show about a man who is looking for the love of his life while dating eighteen other women all at the same time, ABC has a show for you. Reality Television is all around us, and many people believe that they would make â€Å"good tv†. If you think your family is messed up just watch another   family on tv trying to find another sister wife, and you might just feel better about your own problems. When reality television first hit the main stream media it really was reality. Today reality television is kind of scripted, but not the same way Grey’s Anatomy is. Producers of shows on Bravo, and TLC tend to certain situations for their â€Å"cast† to be apart of. If the producers know that two ho usewives dont particularly get along, they might have one of the wives put on a big party and invite all of the wives to sed party and just see what will go down.   There are many reality shows that have a diverse cast. But many of these diverse shows are on channels like FoodNetwork, and the Travel Channel. These channels do not make the show seem like it is reality, even though they interview real people, and go to real restaurants that are owned by real people. There are many shows on HGTV that are reality, that dont seem like they are. However, many of the host of the shows like Fixer Upper, and My Lottery Dream Home are not very diverse. But many of the clients that the hosts work with are very diverse.   Diversity is all around us. And with so much of today being influenced by our screens, both in our pockets and in our homes, the world is becoming more and more aware of diversity. The shows we watch both reality and scripted are becoming more and more diverse. With reality television becoming more and more relative to todays people, we are able to see that reality can be more than just white people, throwing drinks and flipping tables. As the world is gaining more and more awareness of social issues reality television is becoming more relevant to the millennial generation. Reality tv started way back in the 1970s with the expectation of telling a story to the American people. While todays reality shows, arent all about the story it is clear that diversity plays a huge role in what we watch, and who we want to watch.   Berman, Judy. â€Å"Trashy Reality TV Is Back, And Its Not Here to Play Nice.† Time, Time, 21 Feb. 2019, time.com/5534364/reality-tv-is-back/. This article is goes over how reality tv has started to take over our main stream tv watching. It takes a major dive into Lindsay Lohan’s new MTV show. I will be using this article in my paper as a way to show what reality tv is like now a days. I believe this article is reliable because it comes from Time Magazine. Iovannone, Jeffry J., and Jeffry J. Iovannone. â€Å"Pedro Zamora: Real World Activist.† Medium, Queer History For the People, 21 June 2018, medium.com/queer-history-for-the-people/pedro-zamora-real-world-activist-cf89c5e237ab. This article talks about the life of one of the most influential Real World cast members.This article is important to my report because it shows how important this cast member made an impact on the world, and the people who watched the show. I think this article is reliable because the author is a founder of an LGBTQ rights website. â€Å"MTVs The Real World Leaves Hollywood.† History.com, AE Television Networks, 13 Nov. 2009, history.com/this-day-in-history/mtvs-the-real-world-leaves-hollywood. This article talks about the start of MTV as a channel, and the show The Real World. This article is important because it talks about the start of the reality tv boom. I think this article is beneficial to my paper became it will help me understand the start to one of the most influential reality television show. pbs.org/program/american-family/ This article talks about the first reality show of its kind. The article goes over what kind of story the producers were working on showing its audience. I think this article is important because it talks about the real start of reality tv. I will be using this article as intro to my paper, while starting the conversation about reality television. Ryan, Maureen, and Maureen Ryan. â€Å"Why TV Is Finally Embracing the Realities of Race.† Variety, Variety, 20 Jan. 2017, variety.com/2016/tv/features/television-race-diversity-ratings-1201712266/. This article starts the conversation about how tv here in the US is changing. This article goes over more scripted shows, but talks about how making more diverse main stream tv, will eventually make its way to a more diverse set of reality tv show casts. I believe this article is reliable because I got it from the library database here at Crafton Hills College.

International Country Based Business Opportunity Project OUTLINE Only Essay

International Country Based Business Opportunity Project OUTLINE Only Part 1 - Essay Example Sunil Mittal, the chairman and CEO of Bharti Telecom, The chairman mentioned the diversification plans of Bharti Telecom. In times like these, when the academia and the industry experts are saying that stabilization is a better option than expanding now, Mittal's choice of the industry he has chosen is huge surprise pack. However, after a deep insight, I was able to understand that the choice is probably has its own strengths. Inorder to give the project a kick start in another two years, Mr.Mittal is planning a corpus fund for which the money will be collected from the Rs.80 Billion Telecom business if his and from other sources. The money thus will be used for investments in Global agricultural scenario and in Airport infrastructure development. These businesses will be run by professional bodies unlike Bharti telecom. Also as he says forays into these areas in the international perspective are limited and the opportunities are unlimited. Inorder to support his claims Mr. Mittal has already acquired a project the Delhi Airport Maintenance Authority to provide top class infrastructure to its International Airport by year 2012. As a part of the plan to log into the agriculture sector, he is planning to start agricultural production, which surprisingly has not been seen anybody as a potential busine

Food Banks and the Need for Help with Food Banks around the World Essay

Food Banks and the Need for Help with Food Banks around the World - Essay Example Increasing unemployment, low incomes, and high domestic food prices have also contributed significantly to the problem. However, FAO (2009) indicated that the major cause of hunger crisis is â€Å"under-investment in agriculture and rural development.† Mucha (2010) quotes the United Nation’s chief food honcho as saying, "If people go hungry today it is not because the world is not producing enough food but because it is not produced in the countries where 70 percent of the world's poor live and whose livelihoods depend on farming activities.† He further noted that the challenge is not only to solve the current hunger problem but also to ensure adequate food supply for the future world population. FAO (2009) noted that to achieve this height, it requires combined efforts of governments, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), companies, people, families, and aid organizations. Therefore, in an effort to alleviate the situation, increased human participation is requi red. This paper looks into the voluntary services and their importance in alleviating the hunger problem around the world. It also probes on the importance of food banks in solving the hunger problem and the reasons behind their increase. The paper goes a step further to analyze the importance of poverty and its relationship with food insecurity. The article also gives statistical evidence of the current situation. Volunteer services Volunteerism is considered as the selfless act of giving one’s life to a worth course without expecting compensation in return. Volunteering is defined as the altruistic action aimed at improving the quality of life of other people as well their welfare. However, people offer voluntary services for other reasons social purposes i.e. to meet other people, to develop their own skills, as an entry route to employment or just to have fun. Volunteerism brings about a sense of self-worth and self-satisfaction. Xu and Ngai (2011) argued that volunteeris m especially at grassroots level can bid different organizations together and thus develop a civil society aimed at achieving a certain goal. This is an essential aspect especially in respect to world hunger problem. According to Meier & Stutzer (2004), volunteerism is self-satisfying. They argue that serving other people increases the happiness of a person. Smith (2000) who observed helping others as a means to increased well-being also echoed this. He said, â€Å"Concern for our own happiness recommends to us the virtue of prudence: concern for that of other people†. Meier & Stutzer (2004) argued that an individual’s well-being is positively affected by volunteering because of two reasons i.e. intrinsic motivation and extrinsic reward. Volunteers are internally satisfied by just helping other people since they require no material reward for motivation. Internal satisfaction comes about in three ways; care about the recipient’s utility, intrinsic work enjoyment and helping other people. According to Fehr and Schmidt, (2003), utility of people increases is other people are much better as a result of a volunteer’s work. In this contest, a volunteer becomes more satisfied by participating in feeding the hungry people. Furthermore, volunteers enjoy doing their work i.e. intrinsic work enjoyment. In this case, volunteering increases people’s sense of competence and self-determination (Deci and Ryan, 2000). In addition, people get

Individual interviewsversus group interviews Essay

Individual interviewsversus group interviews - Essay Example Individual interviews are also found to be an appropriate form of data collection in the event that an interviewer needs to ask a number of follow up questions. During individual interviews, there is no significant time delay between when a question is first posed by the interviewer and when the interviewee answers it. Both the interviewer and the interviewee can be able to immediately react to what the other happens to be saying. A key advantage to his synchronous communication is identified as being the fact that the answers provided by the interviewee are found to be more spontaneous without having any extended reflection (Harris, 2013). Group interview or focus groups would be deemed to be more appropriate or be beneficial when used in addition to individual interviews in the event that the interview wants to determine how the different candidates are able to interact with each other in a group setting. The interviewer may ask the interviews to work together towards the resolution of problems. This will provide an opportunity whereby the interviewer will be able to observe and very carefully note how each individual performs. Group interview are found be more appropriate in the event that an interviewer wishes to reduce the amount of time it takes to conduct the interview. Individual interviews tend to take a lot of time but with group interviews, a number of candidates can all be interviewed at one go (Denscombe,

Voting Choice and Age Research Results

Voting Choice and Age Research Results Statistics Assessment Social Research Skills 1 In this assignment you will need a) to answer some general questions about quantitative data analysis and b) to answer some questions using data taken from the 2014 British Social Attitudes Survey. All questions must be answered. 1. The following questions are about measurement List the different levels a variable may take and describe the properties of the levels. Nominal level is where the variable only measures differences between cases such as gender. This is because nominal level does not need any ordering among its responses. Ordinal level is where the variable can be ranked but the differences between categories is not available. An example can be educational achievement. Interval level are numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout, such as temperature, but it is unusual to see this used in social science. Ratio level is an interval scale with the additional property that its zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured, such as income. List the level of measurement that has been used for each of the variables in the dataset (other than the serial number)? Do not use the level of measurement in the data file. They have all been set to scale. England, Scotland or Wales? Nominal Sex Nominal Age Interval/ratio Number of children in HH aged 4-15yrs Interval/ratio political party identification Nominal Better for govt to be formed of one party, or two in coalition? Ordinal How many, if any, cars or vans does your household own or have the regular use of? Ordinal How many trips did you make by plane during the last 12 months? ordinal How many employees do you supervise? ordinal How many hours do you normally work a week in your main job including any paid or unpaid overtime? Ordinal Are you now a member of a trade union or staff association? Ordinal Do you tend to trust or tend not to trust the police? ordinal Respondents religion nominal How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? Nominal How important to always to vote in elections ordinal People who want children ought to get married ordinal Gay or lesbian couples should have the right to marry one another if they want to ordinal There is one law for the rich and one for the poor ordinal Left-right scale ordinal Libertarian-authoritarian scale ordinal Welfarism scale ordinal To which of these groups do you consider you belong? ordinal How important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself: ordinal How do variables levels of measurement affect statistical analyses? Give examples. Knowing the level of measure can help with how to interpret the data from that variable. This also means that the appropriate statistical analysis used on certain values because if the value was nominal then data would not be averaged or use a t-test on the data. 2. You are required to report some descriptive statistics. Report your findings using any charts or tables you think are appropriate. Report two measures of dispersion and two measures of central tendency of the number of children aged between 4 and 15 living in the respondents households? Statistics Number of children in HH aged 4-15yrs dv N Valid 2878 Missing 0 Mean .33 Median .00 Mode 0 Std. Deviation .741 Variance .548 Range 5 Minimum 0 Maximum 5 Measures of central tendency were computed to summarize the data for the number of children in households aged 4-15yrs variable. Measures of dispersion were computed to understand the variability of scores for the number of children in households aged 4-15yrs variable. The following are the results of this analysis; N = 2878, M=0.33, SD=0.741. When you look at the mean, it appears that there is signficant number of children aged 4-15yrs living in households. Also, based on the small standard deviation, it looks like the data is not varied. What percentage of the sample believe it is better for government to be formed of one party on its own? (report valid percent)    Better for govt to be formed of one party, or two in coalition? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Govt formed by one political party on own 620 21.5 69.5 69.5 Govt formed by two political parties in coalition 272 9.5 30.5 100.0 Total 892 31.0 100.0 Missing Not applicable 1907 66.3 Dont know 76 2.6 Refused 3 .1 Total 1986 69.0 Total 2878 100.0 69.5% (valid percent) believe it is better for government to be formed of one party on its own. 3. The following questions are about the number of employees respondents supervise . What is the greatest number of employees a respondent reported supervising? Statistics How many employees do you supervise? dv N Valid 2776 Missing 102 Maximum 3000 The greatest number of employees who responded to the report of supervising was 3000. Recode the variable measuring how many employees respondents supervise into the following categories: 0 employees, 1- 10 employees, 11- 100 employees and more than 100 employees. Display the proportions in each category using appropriate tables and charts. This bar chart shows that over 60% of respondents supervised were 0 employees, over 20% of respondents supervised were 1- 10 employees, near 10% of respondents supervised were 11-100 employees and near 5% of respondents supervised were over 100 employees. What percentage of respondents who supervise 0 employees agree strongly there is one law for the rich and one for the poor? 25.1% respondents who supervise 0 employees agree strongly there is one law for the rich and one for the poor. 4. The following question are about the age respondents were when they left education and their scores on a welfare scale. Report the confidence interval of the mean age respondents were when they left continuous full time education. Please give an interpretation of your results. One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? 90.416 2864 .000 19.053 18.64 19.47 We can be 95% confident that the mean on how old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education is between 18.64 and 19.47. This is significant due to significant value is less than the alpha value of 0.05, which means we can reject the null hypothesis. Is respondents mean score on the scale measuring their attitudes to welfare significantly different from 3? Please give an interpretation of your results.    One-Sample Test Test Value = 3 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Welfarism scale -.479 2338 .632 -.0066929 -.034102 .020716 The mean is insignificant when testing at value of 3 so this means we cannot reject or accept the null hypothesis. 5. The following question is about hypothesis testing and statistical significance. In your own words, define the concept of a sampling distribution. Sampling distribution is where the possibility of obtaining each likely value of a statistic from a random sample of a population. In your own words, describe the difference between a p value and an à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (alpha) value. The alpha value is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true whereas the p value is the probability of obtaining your sample data if the null hypothesis was true. 6. The following questions are about behavioural and attitudinal differences between members of the sample. For each question you must select the appropriate test of significance, report relevant SPSS output and an interpretation of your results. a) Is respondents trust in the police independent of their race? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? Do you tend to trust or tend not to trust the police? * To which of these groups do you consider you belong? Crosstabulation Count To which of these groups do you consider you belong? Total Black Asian White Do you tend to trust or tend not to trust the police? Trust it a great deal 6 23 239 268 Tend to trust it 32 48 1124 1204 Tend to distrust it 22 10 246 278 Distrust it greatly 5 1 94 100 Total 65 82 1703 1850 I used the Chi-squared test on the data. You could argue that the data does show that the respondents trust in the police may not be independent of their race, however I do not believe this was statistically significant due to needing a larger sample size to being to prove or disprove this hypothesis. How does the mean rating respondents give to helping people in the rest of the world who are worse off than you differ by religion? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? Ranks Respondents religion dv N Mean Rank How important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself: [S-C]AC Church of England/Anglican 286 305.02 Roman Catholic 154 389.22 Other Christian 247 360.93 Total 687 Ranks How important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself: [S-C]AC N Mean Rank Respondents religion dv Not at all important 133 227.30 2 135 236.29 3 178 210.96 Total 446 I used the Kruskal Wallis test. You could argue that the data does show religion has a higher mean rank then to how important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself. This is not statistically significant as it does prove or reject the null hypothesis. Describe the association between the numbers of cars and vans people own or have regular use of and the number of trips they can make by plane during the last 12 months? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? Correlations How many, if any, cars or vans does your household own or have the regular use of? How many trips did you make by plane during the last 12 months? How many, if any, cars or vans does your household own or have the regular use of? Pearson Correlation 1 .502** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 2878 2878 How many trips did you make by plane during the last 12 months? Pearson Correlation .502** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 2878 2878 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). I used the Pearsons Correlation Coefficient test. It was statistically significant because there is no correlation between the variables. How does the mean age respondents left full-time education differ across men and women? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? * Person 1 SEX Crosstabulation Person 1 SEX Total Male Female How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? 1 1 0 1 4 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 11 2 1 3 12 1 3 4 13 0 4 4 14 67 67 134 15 247 327 574 16 374 438 812 17 86 130 216 18 116 208 324 19 29 48 77 20 31 42 73 21 102 127 229 22 72 87 159 23 36 48 84 24 23 22 45 25 14 8 22 26 13 7 20 27 3 2 5 28 6 1 7 29 2 2 4 30 1 4 5 31 1 1 2 34 1 0 1 35 1 0 1 38 0 1 1 95 0 3 3 96 21 26 47 97 2 4 6 Total 1253 1612 2865 I used the Chi-squared test on the data. There is not much difference males and females in regards to what age they left education so this statistic test was statistically insignificant. 7. The following questions are about modelling the relationship between belief in always voting in elections and respondents age. Please include all relevant SPSS output and interpret your results. a) Model respondents beliefs about the importance of always voting in elections as a function of their age. What is the expected change in the scores measuring respondents beliefs in the importance of voting with a unit change in their age? Person 1 age last birthday * How important to always to vote in elections: [S-C]AC Crosstabulation Count How important to always to vote in elections: [S-C]AC Total Not at all important 2 3 4 5 6 Very important Person 1 age last birthday 18 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 13 19 1 0 0 1 3 2 5 12 20 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 12 21 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 13 22 2 1 0 1 2 1 7 14 23 4 2 0 0 2 4 4 16 24 2 1 3 5 4 2 0 17 25 1 2 5 1 1 2 6 18 26 3 1 1 2 4 1 4 16 27 1 1 0 4 2 6 8 22 28 3 1 0 4 7 1 9 25 29 1 0 2 1 2 1 6 13 30 1 1 4 4 4 2 5 21 31 2 1 3 2 1 5 7 21 32 2 0 2 2 2 3 6 17 33 2 0 1 1 2 1 7 14 34 0 0 1 3 0 3 7 14 35 1 4 1 2 1 5 15 29 36 1 0 6 2 3 5 12 29 37 1 0 1 2 3 5 6 18 38 1 0 3 1 0 3 13 21 39 1 0 3 4 6 0 9 23 40 1 0 2 3 6 1 8 21 41 3 1 4 7 6 3 12 36 42 4 2 4 6 3 3 14 36 43 1 3 1 4 5 4 14 32 44 1 0 0 3 0 1 8 13 45 1 1 6 1 4 3 12 28 46 4 0 1 3 2 2 14 26 47 2 1 1 0 3 2 14 23 48 2 2 0 3 3 4 8 22 49 3 0 0 3 6 7 10 29 50 2 0 4 1 1

Building a Portfolio for Retirement Essay -- Economics

Building a Portfolio for Retirement â€Å"According to a survey conducted by the Savings Education Council last year, 24% of all workers were not confident that they were prepared to retire comfortably.† Upon retirement we would like to maintain a certain level of income and lifestyle such as that established in the prime of our earning career. Through proper planning this goal can be achieved. I am going to establish the need for investments/ savings through the life-cycle model of consumption. I will then walk through standard retirement plans showing that additional funding will likely be needed for the upper-middle class, leading to stock and bond investments, risk tolerance of an individual investor, how that affects diversity and rates of return. On average Americans save approximately 5% of their earnings. This is the lowest among industrialized countries; Japan saves on average 24%, they are the highest savers. The US saves so little in part because of the availability and ease of credit, the financial system; as well as an effective Social Security system. However, the US is changing, to depend on today’s Social Security for tomorrow alone is a risky venture to say the least. Throughout one’s career their earning levels will fluctuate; the highest level of earnings is most likely achieved around middle age or mid-career. It is at this time most Americans begin to think about retirement and savings. The life-cycle model of consumption indicates that we desire a constant level of consumption throughout our lifetime. We, therefore, will go into debt when we are young, repaying the debt and begin saving in middle age, and dissave in retirement. While I personally believe that savin... ...o fund banks in the big picture of money. My 95-year-old Grandfather has successfully funded his retirement through CDs, a pension, and Social Security. To this day he still invest in CDs and his net worth is six figures. In large, most investors do not want to do the research in selecting stocks, bonds, and money market accounts for their portfolio themselves; at the prime of their career they may not have the time either. A managed fund is an appealing option. A managed fund may cost slightly more, there are management fees involved, typically not more than 2%. Picking a fund lessens the workload, pick a well know fund such as Janis, Fidelity, USAA, Templeton, Putnam, etc. If you have the money, pay someone; an investment fund manager who will take into account who you are. The name on the fund you choose is not so important as they type of fund you choose.

Law Revision

She care for her own self interest and has not bring a new product opportunity to FAA Case: Re Come 191 1 Fact: A father had been assisted in his business by his second son. After the father's death, the mother transferred the business assets to that second son. After her death, the elder son sought the transfer Of those assets back into her estate, saying that in the absence of her having taken independent advice, the younger son's position brought an implication of undue influence.Director's fiduciary duties are owed only to the company, not to the individual share holders. Case: Percival v Wright 1902 Facts: Percival wished to sell his shares in the company and wrote to the company secretary asking if he knew f anyone willing to buy. After negotiations, the chairman of the board of directors arranged the purchase of 253 shares, 85 for himself and 84 for each of his fellow directors at a price based on Percival valuation of the shares. The transfers were approved by the board and t he transactions completed.Soon afterwards, Percival discovered that prior to and during the negotiations for the sale of his shares, another person was negotiating with the board for the purchase of the whole company and was offering various prices for shares, all of which exceeded the price paid to Percival. Percival then brought n action against the directors asking for the sale of his shares to be set aside for non-disclosure. Held: The directors are not trustee for the individual shareholders and may purchase their shares without disclosing that they are negotiating for the sale of the entire company.Fruity has not informed to the board of FAA when she set up a company called Cure Life Ltd (CLC) and become majority shareholder. Case: The board of trustees of the Saba Foundation & Or's v Dates Seed chick bin Seed Mohamed & nor [1 999] ‘A fiduciary is someone who has undertake to act for or on behalf of another in a particular tater in circumstances which give rise to a rela tionship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single minded loyalty of his fiduciary†¦ This core liability has several facts.A fiduciary must act in good faith; he must not make for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent Of his principal. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but it is sufficient to indicate the nature of fiduciary obligations.. They are the defining characteristics of the fiduciary†¦ E is not subject to fiduciary obligations because he is fiduciary; it is because he is subject to them that he is a fiduciary. ‘ The key fide carry obligations of the directors are To act Boniface in the interest of the company Directors are required to act Boniface for the benefit of the company as a whole.The Act also imposes similar duty on directors: SSL 32 (1) Case: Re Lee Barrens Ltd [1932] Facts: A dispute arose over the purchase by the company of pension policies for the benefit of employees and their spouses. It was claimed that the particular policy issued was a misuse of the directors' power. Held: The judge set out a three part test for determining whether the directors were using their powers properly: (1) Was the transaction entered into in good faith? (2) Was the transaction reasonably incidental to the carrying on of the company's business? (3) Was the transaction done for the benefit of the company and to promote its prosperity? 1) No (2) NO (3) Yes TO exercise their power under the company's constitution for proper purpose Because directors are fiduciaries they can only exercise powers given to them for the purpose for which those powers were given and for no other purpose or which those powers were given and for no other purpose, and the exercise of a power for an improper purpose can be challenged even if the directors' good faith is not in question To avoid conflict of interest and not to profit from their position In the situation, Fruity has proposed FAA enters into a contract with CLC to buy supplies of the organic fruit drink product for resale.The board agrees and as part of the contract Fruity negotiates with the board that she will be paid RUMOR,000 commission because she drew the board's attention to this new product opportunity. The board of FAA did not know that Fruity is the majority shareholder of CLC. There is a conflict of interest between the two position Managing Director of Freshness Always Sad Bad and as the majority shareholder of CLC. Fruity also has set up the price for commission of RUMOR,OOH to draw attention towards the new product opportunity.Case: Aberdeen Railway co v Blaine Brose [1843-60] Facts: The railway company agreed to buy chairs from a partnership, Blaine Brose. Blaine, a member of the partnership was also a director of the company. When the partners tried to enforce the contract the company successfully claimed that the contra ct was avoidable owing to the director's conflict of interest. Held: Lord Charwoman said: â€Å"His duty to the company imposed on him the obligation of obtaining these iron chairs at the lowest possible price.His personal interest would let him in an entirely opposite direction – would induce him to fix the price as high as possible. This is the very evil against which the rule is directed. † A director has a duty not to make a personal profit out of his connection with the company. This rule applies even if no loss is suffered by the company. However, if he does he must count for the profit to the company. Fruity has make a personal profit in connection with FAA and CLC. The FAA may suffer no loss due to FAA makes large profits selling the organic green product.Case: Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v Cooley [1 972] Facts: The managing director of IDS attempted to secure a contract on Id's behalf with the Eastern Gas Board. KGB indicated to him that they were n ot prepared to deal with IDS but might be prepared to contract with the director (Cooley) personally. Cooley then represented to IDS that he was ill and was allowed to terminate his contract t short notice. He then negotiated with KGB and obtained the consultancy for himself. Held: He must account to IDS for the profit he obtained for the contracts.He was in breach of duty and it was immaterial that IDS could not have obtained the contract itself. Case: Cook v Deeds [1 91 6] Facts: Three directors of the Toronto Construction Co Ltd were supposed to be negotiating a construction contract on behalf of the company. Instead they formed another company and took the Contract for themselves. They were holders of 75% of the share capital of Toronto Construction, and used this charity to pass a resolution at general meeting that the company had no interest in the contract.Held: A director can normally keep a personal profit the company consents, but this consent is invalid if the director co ncerned controls the voting at general meeting. This was fraud on the minority. Section 131 (1) requires a director who is directly or indirectly interested in a contract with his company to declare promptly the nature of that interest at meeting of directors. Section 132(1) imposes a broad duty on directors at all the times to act honestly and exercise reasonable diligence in the exercise of heir power and the discharge of the duties of their office.This is based on a question of fact: case Yen Hinge enterprise Sad Bad v Dates Dry Eng pooh Aka [1 988] Regarding the extend of the meaning of â€Å"honesty', the case of Multi Pack Singapore pet Ltd ( In Receivership ) v Interact Ltd & Or's [1994] explains that this does not mean that the directors had acted fraudulently, it means that he must act bona fide in the interests of the company and that in exercising his creation, the director should act only to promote and advance the interest of the company'. Misuse of confidential inform ation

Steinberg V the Chicago Medical School

Steinberg v The Chicago Medical School Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Third Division. Mejda, P. J. , and McGloon, J DEMPSEY, Justice: In December 1973 the plaintiff, Robert Steinberg, applied for admission to the defendant, the Chicago Medical School, as a first-year student for the academic year 1974–75 and paid an application fee of $15.The Chicago Medical School is a private, not-for-profit educational institution, incorporated in the State of Illinois. His application for admission was rejected and Steinberg filed a class action against the school, claiming that it had failed to evaluate his application and those of other applicants according to the academic entrance criteria printed in the school's bulletin.Specifically, his complaint alleged that the school's decision to accept or reject a particular applicant for the first-year class was primarily based on such nonacademic considerations as the *806 prospective student's familial relationship to members of the school's faculty and to members of its board of trustees, and the ability of the applicant or his family to pledge or make payment of large sums of money to the school.The complaint further alleged that by using such unpublished criteria to evaluate applicants the school had breached the contract, which Steinberg contended was created when the school accepted his application fee. In his prayer for relief Steinberg sought an injunction against the school prohibiting the continuation of such admission practices, and an accounting of all application fees, donations, contributions and other sums of money collected by the school from its applicants during a ten-year period prior to the filing of his suit.He did not ask the court to direct the school to admit him, to review his application or to return his fee. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the complaint failed to state a cause of action because no contract came into existence during its transaction with Stein berg inasmuch as the school's informational publication did not constitute a valid offer. The trial court sustained the motion to dismiss and Steinberg appeals from this order. The 1974–75 bulletin of the school, which was distributed to prospective students, epresented that the following criteria would be used by the school in determining whether applicants would be accepted as first-year medical students: ‘Students are selected on the basis of scholarship, character, and motivation without regard to race, creed, or sex. The student's potential for the study and practice of medicine will be evaluated on the basis of academic achievement, Medical College Admission Test results, personal appraisals by a pre-professional advisory committee or individual instructors, and the personal interview, if requested by the Committee on Admissions. In his four-count complaint Steinberg alleged, in addition to his claim that the school breached its contract (Count I), that the school 's practice of using selection standards which were not disclosed in the school's informational brochure, constituted a violation of the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. , **589 1973, ch. 121 1/2, par. 261, et seq. ) and of the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. , 1973, ch. 121 1/2, par. 311, et seq. ) (Count II); fraud (Count III), and unjust enrichment (Count IV).Since we are in accord with the trial court's decision that the complaint did not state a cause of action under Counts II, III and IV, we shall limit our discussion to Count I. A contract is an agreement between competent parties, based upon a consideration sufficient in law, to do or not do a particular thing. It is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a *807 remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. Rynearson v. Odin-Svenson Development Corp. (1969), 108 Ill. App. 2d 125, 246 N. E. 2d 823.A contrac t's essential requirements are: competent parties, valid subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of obligation and mutuality of agreement. Generally, parties may contract in any situation where there is no legal prohibition, since the law acts by restraint and not by conferring rights. Berry v. De Bruyn (1898), 77 Ill. App. 359. However, it is basic contract law that in order for a contract to be binding the terms of the contract must be reasonably certain and definite. Kraftco Corp v. Koblus (1971), 1 Ill. App. 3d 635, 274 N. E. 2d 153. A contract, in order to be legally binding, must be based on consideration. Wickstrom v.Vern E. Alden Co. (1968), 99 Ill. App. 2d 254, 240 N. E. 2d 401. Consideration has been defined to consist of some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance, disadvantage, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other. Riddle v. La Salle National Bank (1962), 34 Ill. App. 2d 116, 180 N. E. 2 d 719. Money its a valuable consideration and its transfer or payment or promises to pay it or the benefit from the right to its use, will support a contract. In forming a contract, it is required that both parties assent to the same thing in the same sense (La Salle National Bank v.International Limited (1970), 129 Ill. App. 2d 381, 263 N. E. 2d 506) and that their minds meet on the essential terms and conditions. Richton v. Farina (1973), 14 Ill. App. 3d 697, 303 N. E. 2d 218. Furthermore, the mutual consent essential to the formation of a contract, must be gathered from the language employed by the parties or manifested by their words or acts. The intention of the parties gives character to the transaction and if either party contracts in good faith he is entitled to the benefit of his contract no matter what may have been the secret purpose or intention of the other party.Kelly v. Williams (1911), 162 Ill. App. 571. Steinberg contends that the Chicago Medical School's informatio nal brochure constituted an invitation to make an offer; that his subsequent application and the submission of his $15 fee to the school amounted to an offer; that the school's voluntary reception of his fee constituted an acceptance and because of these events a contract was created between the school and himself.He contends that the school was duty bound under the terms of the contract to evaluate his application according to its stated standards and that the deviation from these standards not only breached the contract, but amounted to an arbitrary selection which constituted a violation of due process and equal protection.He concludes that such a breach did in fact take place each and every time during the past ten years that the school evaluated applicants according to their *808 relationship to the school's faculty members or members of its board of trustees, or in accordance with their ability to make or pledge large sums of money to the school. Finally, he asserts that he is a member and a proper representative of the class that has been damaged by the school's practice. The school counters that no contract came into being because informational brochures, such as its bulletin, do not constitute **590 offers, but are onstrued by the courts to be general proposals to consider, examine and negotiate. The school points out that this doctrine has been specifically applied in Illinois to university informational publications. People ex rel. Tinkoff v. Northwestern University (1947), 333 Ill. App. 224, 77 N. E. 2d 345. In Tinkoff, a rejected applicant sued to force Northwestern to admit him, claiming that the university had violated the contract that arose when he demonstrated that he had met the school's academic entrance requirements and had submitted his application and fee.His primary contention was that the school's brochure was an offer and that his completion of the acts, required by the bulletin for application, constituted his acceptance. In rejectin g this argument, the court stated: ‘Plaintiffs complain Tinkoff, Jr. was denied the right to contract as guaranteed by the Illinois and United States constitutions. We need only say that he had no right to contract with the University. His right to contract for and pursue an education is limited by the right which the University has under its charter.We see no merit to plaintiff's contention that the rules and regulations were an offer of contract and his compliance therewith and acceptance giving rise to a binding contract. The wording of the bulletin required further action by the University in admitting Tinkoff, Jr. before a contract between them would arise. ‘ The court based its holding on the fact that Northwestern, as a private educational institution, had reserved in its State charter the right to reject any application for any reason it deemed adequate.Although the facts of the Tinkoff case are similar to the present situation, we believe that the defendant's re liance upon it is misplaced. First, Steinberg is not claiming that his submission of the application and the $15 constituted an acceptance by him; he is merely maintaining that it was an offer, which required the subsequent acceptance of the school to create a contract. Also, it is obvious that his assertion that the bulletin of the school only amounted to an invitation to make an offer, is consistent with the prevailing law and the school's own position.More importantly, Steinberg is not requesting that the school be ordered to admit him as a student, pursuant to the contract, but only that the school be prohibited from misleading prospective students by stating *809 in its informational literature, evaluation standards that are not subsequently used in the selection of students. Furthermore, the school does not allege, nor did it demonstrate by way of its bulletin or its charter that it had reserved the right to reject any applicant for any reason. It only stated certain narrow st andards by which each and every applicant was to be evaluated.In relation to the preceding argument, the school also maintains that the $15 application fee did not amount to a legal consideration, but only constituted a pre-contracting expense. Consequently, the school argues that as a matter of law the $15 is not recoverable as damage even if a contract was eventually entered into and breached. Chicago Coliseum Club v. Dempsey (1932), 265 Ill. App. 542. In the Dempsey case, boxing promoters incurred expenses and entered into several contracts that were necessary for the staging of a heavyweight championship fight.However, most of the contracts were entered into prior to signing Dempsey (the then heavywright champion) for the event. For example, approximately a week prior to Dempsey's signing, the plaintiff entered into a contract with a fighter named Wills, who was to be the champion's opponent. Dempsey signed a contract but later breached it, and the fight promoters sued him for e xpenses incurred by them under the Wills contract and under other contracts **591 which had been entered into by them in anticipation of the champion signing a contract and fulfilling his obligation thereunder.The court stated: ‘The general rule is that in an action for a breach of contract a party can recover only on damages which naturally flow from and are the result of the act complained of. . . . The Wills contract was entered into prior to the contract with the defendant and was not made contingent upon the plaintiff's obtaining a similar agreement with the defendant Dempsey. Under the circumstances the plaintiff speculated as to the result of his efforts to procure the Dempsey contract. . . Any obligations assumed by the plaintiff prior to that time (of contracting with Mr. Dempsey) are not chargeable to the defendant. ‘ The defendant's reliance on the Dempsey case is also misplaced. Although it is a leading case for the proposition that expenses incurred during p reliminary negotiations to procure a contract are not recoverable as damages, it has no relevance to the allegations of Steinberg's complaint. The defendant misconceives and misstates his position when it asserts that the Tinkoff and Dempsey cases ‘are completely ispositive of plaintiff's argument that the informational brochure constituted an ‘offer' to evaluate applicants solely on the basis of criteria set forth therein, and the submission of an application with the $15. 00 fee the ‘consideration' *810 binding that offer and effecting a consummated contract. ‘ He does not claim that the brochure was an offer and his submission of a fee an acceptance of that offer. To repeat, what he does claim is that the brochure was an invitation to make an offer; that his response was an offer, and that the school's retention of his fee was an acceptance of that offer.We agree with Steinberg's position. We believe that he and the school entered into an enforceable contr act; that the school's obligation under the contract was stated in the school's bulletin in a definitive the school's stated criteria. application fee–a valuable consideration–the school bound itself to fulfill its promises. Steinberg accepted the school's promises in good faith and he was entitled to have his application judged according to the school's stated creiteria.The school argues that he should not be allowed to recover because his complaint did not state a causal connection between the rejection of his application and the school's alleged use of unpublished evaluation criteria. It points out that there is an equal probability that his application was rejected for failing to meet the stated standards, and since the cause of his damages is left to conjecture they may be attributed as easily to a condition for which there is no liability as to one for which there is. This argument focuses on the wrong point.Once again, Steinberg did not allege that he was damage d when the school rejected his application. He alleged that he was damaged when the school used evaluation criteria other than those published in the school's bulletin. This ultimate, well-pleaded allegation was admitted by the school's motion to dismiss. Logan v. Presbyterian-St. Luke's Hospital (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 68, 235 N. E. 2d 851. The primary purpose of pleadings is to inform the opposite party and the court of the nature of the action and the facts on which it is based.The Civil Practice Act of Illinois provides that pleadings shall be liberally construed to the end that controversies may be settled on their merits. Jorgensen v. Baker (1959), 21 Ill. App. 2d 196, 157 N. E. 2d 773; Ill. Rev. Stat. , 1973, ch. 110, par. 33(3). Therefore, a cause of action should not be dismissed unless it clearly appears that no set of facts can be proven under the pleadings which will entitle the plaintiff to recover. **592 Herman v. Prudence Mutual Casualty Co. (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 22 2, 235 N.E. 2d 346. Additionally, a complaint will not be dismissed for failure to state a cause of action if the facts essential to its claim appear by reasonable implication. Johnson v. Illini Mutual Insurance Co. (1958), 18 Ill. App. 2d 211, 151 N. E. 2d 634. A complaint is not required to make out a case which will entitle the plaintiff to all of the sought-after relief, but it need only raise a fair question as to the existence of the right. People ex rel. Clark v. McCurdie (1966), 75 Ill. App. 2d 217, 220 N. E. 2d 318.Count I of Steinberg's complaint stated a valid cause of action, and the portion of the trial court's order dismissing that count will be reversed and remanded. Alternatively, the school asserts that if Steinberg is entitled to recover, the recovery should be limited to $15 because he is not a proper representative of the class of applicants that was supposed to be damaged by the school's use of unpublished entrance standards. Fundamentally, it argues that it had no contract with Steinberg and since he does not have a cause of action, he cannot represent a class of people who may have similar claims.We have found, however, that he does have a cause of action. The primary test for the validity of a class action is whether the members of the class have a community of interest in the subject matter and the remedy. Smyth v. Kaspar American State Bank (1956), 9 Ill. 2d 27, 136 N. E. 2d 796. Even if the wrongs were suffered in unrelated transactions, a class action may stand as long as there are common factual and legal issues. Gaffney v. Shell Oil Co. (1974), 19 Ill. App. 3d 987, 312 N.E. 2d 753. The legal issue in this case would be the same as to each member of the class, and the factual issue–the amount payed by each member, an application fee of $15– identical. Steinberg alleged that in applying for admission to the school, each member of the class assumed that the school would use the selection factors set out in its 1974†“75 bulletin, and that admission fees were paid and contracts created, but that each contract we breached in the same manner as his.This allegation established a community of interest between him and the other members of the class in terms of subject matter and remedy, and since he has a valid cause of action against the school, the class has also. He is a proper representative of the class and his suit is a proper vehicle to resolve the common factual and legal issues involved even though the members of the class suffered damage in separate transactions. However, the class action cannot be as extensive as Steinberg's complaint requested.Recovery cannot be had by everyone who applied to the medical school during the ten years prior to the filing of his complaint. His action was predicated on standards described in the school's 1974–75 brochure; therefore, the class to be represented is restricted to those applicants who sought admission in reliance on the standards in that brochure. We agree with the school's contention that a State through its courts does not have the authority to interfere with the power of the trustees of a private medical school to make rules concerning the admission of students.The requirement in the case of public schools, applicable because they belong to the public, that admission regulations *812 must be reasonable is not pertinent in the case of a private school or university. 33 I. L. P. Schools, s 312. We also agree that using unpublished entrance requirements would not violate an applicant's right to due process and equal protection of law. The provisions of the due process clause of the Federal constitution are inhibitions upon the power of government and not upon the freedom of action of private individuals. 16 Am.Jur. 2d, **593 Constitutional Law, sec. 557. The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment does not prohibit the individual invasion of individual rights. Gilmore v. City of Montgomery (1974), 417 U. S. 55 6, 94 S. Ct. 2416, 41 L. Ed. 2d 304. The order dismissing Counts II, III and IV is affirmed. The order dismissing Count I is reversed. The cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views expressed in this opinion. Affirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded with directions. MEJDA, P. J. , and McGLOON, J. , concur.