Voting Choice and Age Research Results

Voting Choice and Age Research Results Statistics Assessment Social Research Skills 1 In this assignment you will need a) to answer some general questions about quantitative data analysis and b) to answer some questions using data taken from the 2014 British Social Attitudes Survey. All questions must be answered. 1. The following questions are about measurement List the different levels a variable may take and describe the properties of the levels. Nominal level is where the variable only measures differences between cases such as gender. This is because nominal level does not need any ordering among its responses. Ordinal level is where the variable can be ranked but the differences between categories is not available. An example can be educational achievement. Interval level are numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout, such as temperature, but it is unusual to see this used in social science. Ratio level is an interval scale with the additional property that its zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured, such as income. List the level of measurement that has been used for each of the variables in the dataset (other than the serial number)? Do not use the level of measurement in the data file. They have all been set to scale. England, Scotland or Wales? Nominal Sex Nominal Age Interval/ratio Number of children in HH aged 4-15yrs Interval/ratio political party identification Nominal Better for govt to be formed of one party, or two in coalition? Ordinal How many, if any, cars or vans does your household own or have the regular use of? Ordinal How many trips did you make by plane during the last 12 months? ordinal How many employees do you supervise? ordinal How many hours do you normally work a week in your main job including any paid or unpaid overtime? Ordinal Are you now a member of a trade union or staff association? Ordinal Do you tend to trust or tend not to trust the police? ordinal Respondents religion nominal How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? Nominal How important to always to vote in elections ordinal People who want children ought to get married ordinal Gay or lesbian couples should have the right to marry one another if they want to ordinal There is one law for the rich and one for the poor ordinal Left-right scale ordinal Libertarian-authoritarian scale ordinal Welfarism scale ordinal To which of these groups do you consider you belong? ordinal How important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself: ordinal How do variables levels of measurement affect statistical analyses? Give examples. Knowing the level of measure can help with how to interpret the data from that variable. This also means that the appropriate statistical analysis used on certain values because if the value was nominal then data would not be averaged or use a t-test on the data. 2. You are required to report some descriptive statistics. Report your findings using any charts or tables you think are appropriate. Report two measures of dispersion and two measures of central tendency of the number of children aged between 4 and 15 living in the respondents households? Statistics Number of children in HH aged 4-15yrs dv N Valid 2878 Missing 0 Mean .33 Median .00 Mode 0 Std. Deviation .741 Variance .548 Range 5 Minimum 0 Maximum 5 Measures of central tendency were computed to summarize the data for the number of children in households aged 4-15yrs variable. Measures of dispersion were computed to understand the variability of scores for the number of children in households aged 4-15yrs variable. The following are the results of this analysis; N = 2878, M=0.33, SD=0.741. When you look at the mean, it appears that there is signficant number of children aged 4-15yrs living in households. Also, based on the small standard deviation, it looks like the data is not varied. What percentage of the sample believe it is better for government to be formed of one party on its own? (report valid percent)    Better for govt to be formed of one party, or two in coalition? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Govt formed by one political party on own 620 21.5 69.5 69.5 Govt formed by two political parties in coalition 272 9.5 30.5 100.0 Total 892 31.0 100.0 Missing Not applicable 1907 66.3 Dont know 76 2.6 Refused 3 .1 Total 1986 69.0 Total 2878 100.0 69.5% (valid percent) believe it is better for government to be formed of one party on its own. 3. The following questions are about the number of employees respondents supervise . What is the greatest number of employees a respondent reported supervising? Statistics How many employees do you supervise? dv N Valid 2776 Missing 102 Maximum 3000 The greatest number of employees who responded to the report of supervising was 3000. Recode the variable measuring how many employees respondents supervise into the following categories: 0 employees, 1- 10 employees, 11- 100 employees and more than 100 employees. Display the proportions in each category using appropriate tables and charts. This bar chart shows that over 60% of respondents supervised were 0 employees, over 20% of respondents supervised were 1- 10 employees, near 10% of respondents supervised were 11-100 employees and near 5% of respondents supervised were over 100 employees. What percentage of respondents who supervise 0 employees agree strongly there is one law for the rich and one for the poor? 25.1% respondents who supervise 0 employees agree strongly there is one law for the rich and one for the poor. 4. The following question are about the age respondents were when they left education and their scores on a welfare scale. Report the confidence interval of the mean age respondents were when they left continuous full time education. Please give an interpretation of your results. One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? 90.416 2864 .000 19.053 18.64 19.47 We can be 95% confident that the mean on how old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education is between 18.64 and 19.47. This is significant due to significant value is less than the alpha value of 0.05, which means we can reject the null hypothesis. Is respondents mean score on the scale measuring their attitudes to welfare significantly different from 3? Please give an interpretation of your results.    One-Sample Test Test Value = 3 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Welfarism scale -.479 2338 .632 -.0066929 -.034102 .020716 The mean is insignificant when testing at value of 3 so this means we cannot reject or accept the null hypothesis. 5. The following question is about hypothesis testing and statistical significance. In your own words, define the concept of a sampling distribution. Sampling distribution is where the possibility of obtaining each likely value of a statistic from a random sample of a population. In your own words, describe the difference between a p value and an à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (alpha) value. The alpha value is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true whereas the p value is the probability of obtaining your sample data if the null hypothesis was true. 6. The following questions are about behavioural and attitudinal differences between members of the sample. For each question you must select the appropriate test of significance, report relevant SPSS output and an interpretation of your results. a) Is respondents trust in the police independent of their race? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? Do you tend to trust or tend not to trust the police? * To which of these groups do you consider you belong? Crosstabulation Count To which of these groups do you consider you belong? Total Black Asian White Do you tend to trust or tend not to trust the police? Trust it a great deal 6 23 239 268 Tend to trust it 32 48 1124 1204 Tend to distrust it 22 10 246 278 Distrust it greatly 5 1 94 100 Total 65 82 1703 1850 I used the Chi-squared test on the data. You could argue that the data does show that the respondents trust in the police may not be independent of their race, however I do not believe this was statistically significant due to needing a larger sample size to being to prove or disprove this hypothesis. How does the mean rating respondents give to helping people in the rest of the world who are worse off than you differ by religion? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? Ranks Respondents religion dv N Mean Rank How important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself: [S-C]AC Church of England/Anglican 286 305.02 Roman Catholic 154 389.22 Other Christian 247 360.93 Total 687 Ranks How important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself: [S-C]AC N Mean Rank Respondents religion dv Not at all important 133 227.30 2 135 236.29 3 178 210.96 Total 446 I used the Kruskal Wallis test. You could argue that the data does show religion has a higher mean rank then to how important to help people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself. This is not statistically significant as it does prove or reject the null hypothesis. Describe the association between the numbers of cars and vans people own or have regular use of and the number of trips they can make by plane during the last 12 months? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? Correlations How many, if any, cars or vans does your household own or have the regular use of? How many trips did you make by plane during the last 12 months? How many, if any, cars or vans does your household own or have the regular use of? Pearson Correlation 1 .502** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 2878 2878 How many trips did you make by plane during the last 12 months? Pearson Correlation .502** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 2878 2878 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). I used the Pearsons Correlation Coefficient test. It was statistically significant because there is no correlation between the variables. How does the mean age respondents left full-time education differ across men and women? Which test did you use and was it statistically significant? How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? * Person 1 SEX Crosstabulation Person 1 SEX Total Male Female How old were you when you completed your continuous full-time education? 1 1 0 1 4 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 11 2 1 3 12 1 3 4 13 0 4 4 14 67 67 134 15 247 327 574 16 374 438 812 17 86 130 216 18 116 208 324 19 29 48 77 20 31 42 73 21 102 127 229 22 72 87 159 23 36 48 84 24 23 22 45 25 14 8 22 26 13 7 20 27 3 2 5 28 6 1 7 29 2 2 4 30 1 4 5 31 1 1 2 34 1 0 1 35 1 0 1 38 0 1 1 95 0 3 3 96 21 26 47 97 2 4 6 Total 1253 1612 2865 I used the Chi-squared test on the data. There is not much difference males and females in regards to what age they left education so this statistic test was statistically insignificant. 7. The following questions are about modelling the relationship between belief in always voting in elections and respondents age. Please include all relevant SPSS output and interpret your results. a) Model respondents beliefs about the importance of always voting in elections as a function of their age. What is the expected change in the scores measuring respondents beliefs in the importance of voting with a unit change in their age? Person 1 age last birthday * How important to always to vote in elections: [S-C]AC Crosstabulation Count How important to always to vote in elections: [S-C]AC Total Not at all important 2 3 4 5 6 Very important Person 1 age last birthday 18 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 13 19 1 0 0 1 3 2 5 12 20 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 12 21 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 13 22 2 1 0 1 2 1 7 14 23 4 2 0 0 2 4 4 16 24 2 1 3 5 4 2 0 17 25 1 2 5 1 1 2 6 18 26 3 1 1 2 4 1 4 16 27 1 1 0 4 2 6 8 22 28 3 1 0 4 7 1 9 25 29 1 0 2 1 2 1 6 13 30 1 1 4 4 4 2 5 21 31 2 1 3 2 1 5 7 21 32 2 0 2 2 2 3 6 17 33 2 0 1 1 2 1 7 14 34 0 0 1 3 0 3 7 14 35 1 4 1 2 1 5 15 29 36 1 0 6 2 3 5 12 29 37 1 0 1 2 3 5 6 18 38 1 0 3 1 0 3 13 21 39 1 0 3 4 6 0 9 23 40 1 0 2 3 6 1 8 21 41 3 1 4 7 6 3 12 36 42 4 2 4 6 3 3 14 36 43 1 3 1 4 5 4 14 32 44 1 0 0 3 0 1 8 13 45 1 1 6 1 4 3 12 28 46 4 0 1 3 2 2 14 26 47 2 1 1 0 3 2 14 23 48 2 2 0 3 3 4 8 22 49 3 0 0 3 6 7 10 29 50 2 0 4 1 1